Photo: Anna Shvets

Why do bonds release energy when broken?

The reason there is energy released in the process is because the products formed (ADP and hydrogenphosphate/phosphate) have stronger covalent bonds (plus intermolecular forces with the surrounding solution and dissolved ions) than the starting materials. This is the case for any exothermic process.

chemistry.stackexchange.com - Why does bond breaking in ATP release energy? [duplicate]

What are the chances of a relationship working after a break up?

According to much research, about 40 to 50 percent of couples get back together after a breakup. While this is positive, many factors determine the...

Last updated Mar 27, 2019

How long should I wait for him to fall in love?

A 2013 survey conducted by YouGov and dating site eHarmony found that the time taken from the first date to saying “I love you” differs between men...

Last updated Apr 4, 2018

Promotion

$\begingroup$

I love this question!

I teach Chemistry at various levels and this concept around ATP hydrolysis causes more issues for my students than any other. Often, this is the first time that a student meets a concrete example of bonding (in a Biology class) and they so often walk away with the wrong idea about the processes of bond forming and breaking. Breaking a bond, in isolation, never releases energy. Bonding is a stable state compared to the unbonded species, where opposite charges are closer together when bonded compared to unbonded and the whole system is at a lower (electrical) potential energy. The bond broken in the hydrolysis of ATP is no different. It is a fairly weak bond, but still requires energy to be broken. The reason there is energy released in the process is because the products formed (ADP and hydrogenphosphate/phosphate) have stronger covalent bonds (plus intermolecular forces with the surrounding solution and dissolved ions) than the starting materials. This is the case for any exothermic process. As you break the P-O bond in ATP a new P-O bond is formed in the hydrogenphosphate, but you also need to look at the interactions of the starting materials compared to the products with the solution. We should also note that the water that attacks the phosphate group in the hydrolysis reaction will then need to be deprotonated and the hydrogenphosphate ion formed will partially dissociate to phosphate, so there's a lot going on! Also, it is worth noting that when people say "energy is released in ATP hydrolysis" they are normally referring to Gibbs Free Energy, which also includes the contribution made by the system entropy change (times temperature) as well as the enthalpy change (determined by bond and other electrostatic interaction strength). In the case of ATP hydrolysis, under most conditions, we also have an increase in the entropy of the system and this drives the process to be even more exergonic (favorable, can be used to drive other processes) than the enthalpy alone would suggest. Please understand: the chemistry involved here is actually very complex and the total usable energy made available depends on many factors beyond the structures of the starting materials and the products. To truly understand ATP hydrolysis requires knowledge of all species' concentrations (as this affects the driving force) including various dissolved ionic species that aren't normally included in the simple reaction equation. To answer your last part, bond formation from isolated species always releases energy as opposite charges are getting closer together and potential energy is decreasing.

What makes a woman resentful?

There is no one cause of resentment, but most cases involve an underlying sense of being mistreated or wronged by another person. Experiencing...

Last updated Jun 14, 2022

Who loves more mother or father?

As there would be no preference on "which" kid the parents love more, the same applies to kids loving the parents. They love both of them equally....

Last updated Aug 21, 2018

Promotion

How deep are soul ties?

Having a soul tie means you are bonded on a deeper level, at the level of Spirit, Richardson tells mbg. "While we are all connected, soul ties are something special, even though they are common." Feeling a profound sense of connection to someone is one sign you could be experiencing a soul tie.

mindbodygreen.com - What Are Soul Ties & How Do You Break Them? We Asked The Experts

A soul tie is a connection with someone deeply embedded into your soul, certified sex therapist De-Andrea Blaylock-Johnson, LCSW, CST, tells mbg. "Often it's thought to happen after you have intercourse with someone," she notes, adding it's often presented from a very cisgender, heteronormative perspective. The idea that intercourse causes a soul tie has roots in the Christian tradition, "to perpetuate the idea that if you have sex outside of marriage, you'll be connected to someone," Blaylock-Johnson explains. But she goes on to say that "soul ties," at least in regard to sex, are really attachments in disguise and "an over-spiritualization of normal feelings." Additionally, although the bonding hormone oxytocin is released during orgasm1 , not all sexual partners go on to feel emotionally bonded to each other after the experience. (See casual dating and friends with benefits situations, both of which can be done in a healthy way.) With that in mind, professional intuitive and author of Self-Care for Empaths Tanya Carroll Richardson says soul ties can also refer to the broad term describing any kind of soul connection between two people. "You could have known each other in a past life, be from the same soul family, or simply have a soul contract to meet up in this lifetime and have some type of relationship or experience together." And they don't have to be romantic relationships, she adds. You may even quickly realize this person isn't an uplifting presence in your life. "You might have strong feelings or be drawn to someone initially," she explains, "but as soon as you get to know them, you quickly realize you don't want to be around them. Honor that feeling and intuitive hit."

What are the signs of a toxic marriage?

9 Signs You're in a Toxic Marriage You don't respect each other. ... You've unconsciously uncoupled. ... You're not putting in the extra effort....

Last updated Mar 29, 2022

Why do guys hug you around the waist?

If your partner hugs you this way, he wants to make you feel loved. It also suggests he is protective of you when he wraps his arms around your...

Last updated Apr 5, 2018

Promotion

What makes a narcissist happy in a relationship?

But this was not the case for narcissists—they were significantly more satisfied with partners who met their ideals for attractiveness, status, and...

Last updated Jan 13, 2019

Promotion

How long can physical attraction last?

Just seeing your beloved can make your heart race, your legs weak and your face flushed. Touch him, and well… Movies try to convince us we'll feel...

Last updated Aug 1, 2021