Infatuation Rules
Infatuation Rules
Photo: Tim Douglas
Covalent Bonds These bonds form when an electron is shared between two elements. Covalent bonds are the strongest (*see note below) and most common form of chemical bond in living organisms. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms that combine to form water molecules are bound together by strong covalent bonds.
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Read More »Atoms can form several types of chemical bonds. These bonds are interactions between two atoms that hold the atoms together. It is important to understand the various types of bonds because they help determine how different molecules function within an organism. There are four types of bonds or interactions: covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions. In a polar covalent bond , the electrons shared by the atoms spend more time closer to one atom than to the other. Because of the unequal distribution of electrons between the atoms, a slightly positive (δ+) or slightly negative (δ–) charge develops. The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are polar covalent bonds. The shared electrons spend more time near the oxygen than they spend near the hydrogen. This means that the oxygen has a small negative charge while the hydrogens have a small positive charge. There are two types of covalent bonds: polar and nonpolar (Figure 3). Nonpolar covalent bonds form between two atoms that share the electrons equally so there is no overall charge on the molecule. For example, an oxygen atom can bond with another oxygen atom. This association is nonpolar because the electrons will be equally shared between each oxygen atom. Another example of a nonpolar covalent bond is found in the methane (CH 4 ) molecule. The carbon atom shares electrons with four hydrogen atoms. The carbon and hydrogen atoms all share the electrons equally, creating four nonpolar covalent bonds (Figure 3). The hydrogen and oxygen atoms that combine to form water molecules are bound together by strong covalent bonds. The electron from the hydrogen atom shares its time between the hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom. In order for the oxygen atom to be stable, two electrons from two hydrogen atoms are needed, hence the subscript “2” in H 2 O. H 2 O means that there are 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen atom (the 1 is implied below the O in the chemical formula). This sharing makes both the hydrogen and oxygen atoms more chemically stable. Another type of strong chemical bond between two or more atoms is a covalent bond . These bonds form when an electron is shared between two elements. Covalent bonds are the strongest (*see note below) and most common form of chemical bond in living organisms. *BUT WAIT! In chemistry, I learned that Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds! What’s up with that? Turns out that chemists and biologists measure bond strength in different ways. Chemists measure the absolute strength of a bond (kind of like the theoretical strength). Ionic bonds are very strong when measured this way. Biologists are more interested in how the bond behaves in a biological system, which is usually aqueous (water-based). In water, ionic bonds come apart much more readily than covalent bonds, so biologists would say that they are weaker. So what’s the right answer? Depends on whether you’re in a chemistry or a biology class! If you look in a biology textbook, it will almost always tell you that covalent bonds are stronger. If you look in a chemistry textbook, you’ll see something different. This is a great example of how the same information can lead to different answers depending on the perspective that you’re viewing it from. So what answer should you give for this class? Because this is a biology class, you should say that covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds because they act stronger in aqueous solutions. Ionic Bonds Atoms normally have an equal number of protons (positive charge) and electrons (negative charge). This means that atoms are normally uncharged because the number of positively charged particles equals the number of negatively charged particles. When an atom does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons, it will have a net charge. An atom with a net charge is called an ion. Positive ions are formed by losing electrons. Negative ions are formed by gaining electrons. Atoms can lose and donate electrons in order to become more stable. When an element donates an electron from its outer shell, as in the sodium atom example above, a positive ion is formed (Figure 2). The element accepting the electron is now negatively charged. Because positive and negative charges attract, these ions stay together and form an ionic bond, or a bond between ions. The elements bond together with the electron from one element staying predominantly with the other element. When Na and Cl combine to produce NaCl, an electron from a sodium atom goes to stay with the other seven electrons in the chlorine atom, forming a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ion. The sodium and chloride ions attract each other.
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