Photo: Tatiana LM

Where do loyalty come from?

The word loyalty is borrowed from the Old French loialté, based on loial or leial, both meaning and related to “legal.” (The ending -té, is a Latin-based noun-forming suffix, which shows up in a great many other English words, such as royalty or safety.)

mashedradish.com - Not above the law: The origin of “loyalty” - Mashed Radish

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Being loyal isn’t always legal — except when it comes to etymology.

In written testimony to the Senate, fired FBI director James Comey described an encounter with President Trump in January that Trump needed and expected “loyalty” from Comey. This word loyalty, though, isn’t just at the center of an incredible legal and political drama: It’s at the heart of an etymological one, too.

“Legal” duties

Loyalty is first evidenced by 1400, when it named “faithfulness to one’s own word or promise.” By the 1530s, at the same time we see the adjective loyal, the word had shifted, thanks to feudalism, towards “faithful allegiance to a sovereign or government.” Loyalty and loyal both broadened from there, characterizing general devotion and dependability by the early 1600s. The word loyalty is borrowed from the Old French loialté, based on loial or leial, both meaning and related to “legal.” (The ending -té, is a Latin-based noun-forming suffix, which shows up in a great many other English words, such as royalty or safety.) The root is the Latin lēgālis (“legal”), formed on lēx (“law”), and we can easily imagine how the concept of “following the law” expanded to allegiance more generally. But this is where etymology starts some not-so-loyal double, nay, triple-dealing. Before legal (~1420s) and loyal (~1400), English had leal, from another French form of Latin’s lēgālis. Leal, a Scottish and northern English form attested as early as 1300, is now an archaic word for “honest,” “true,” and, yes, its fellow triplet “loyal.” As for Latin’s lēx, etymologists point to two possible Proto-Indo-European roots. The first is *leg-, “to collect,” with lēx surmised as a “collection of laws.” The other is *legh-, “to lie or lay,” lēx being “that which is set down,” the very root and concept which yields the English law via Old Norse. It’s remarkable, in its own way, how the Trump-Comey loyalty matter plays out the origin of loyalty. Trump’s expectation of loyalty to him as a person, as a sovereign, calls up loyalty’s earliest days in English, and yet Comey’s loyalty to the law evokes the word’s yet older roots.

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How do you know when a man is lying?

If you see someone suddenly make a head movement when you ask them a direct question, they may be lying to you about something. "The head will be retracted or jerked back, bowed down, or cocked or tilted to the side," said Glass. This will often happen right before the person is expected to respond to a question.

businessinsider.com - 11 signs someone might be lying to you - Business Insider

The signs that someone is lying aren't always easy to decipher.

And, unfortunately, there's no way to determine whether or not someone's being honest with 100% certainty. But there are some obvious signs that someone might be lying. Keep reading for a list of signs you can watch out for. Top editors give you the stories you want — delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Loading Something is loading. Thanks for signing up! Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. download the app Email address By clicking ‘Sign up’, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider as well as other partner offers and accept our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

How can you tell if someone is lying to you?

Well, it's complicated.

Research by Dr. Leanne ten Brinke, a forensic psychologist at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley, and her collaborators, suggests that our instincts for judging liars are actually fairly strong — but our conscious minds sometimes fail us. Luckily, there are signs we can look for when trying to detect a lie. Dr. Lillian Glass, behavioral analyst, body language expert, and "The Body Language of Liars" author, said when trying to figure out if someone is lying, you first need to understand how the person normally acts. Certain habits, like pointing or over-sharing, might be perfectly within character for an individual. Keep in mind that these signs are just possible indicators of dishonesty — not definite proof. Plus, some liars are so seasoned that they might get away with not exhibiting any of these signs. With that in mind, here are some signs that someone might be lying to you:

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