What traits are completely dominant?

There are many examples of complete dominance in humans, including having specific hair color, skin pigment, and brown eyes. Not all examples of complete dominance are common though. Dwarfism also shows complete dominance, but it is rare.

study.com - Complete Dominance in Genetics: Overview & Examples - Study.com

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Gregor Mendel was the first to experiment with and understand complete dominance in genetics.

Role of Complete Dominance in Inheritance

There are many traits that show complete dominance. A trait is a specific characteristic, like eye color or dimples. These are traits that scientists have proven that one allele is dominant or takes control of deciding what is displayed. A phenotype is the trait that is observed, for example, brown eyes. A genotype is the set of alleles that an organism has, for example, BB or Bb for brown eyes. If a person has brown eyes, it is unknown if they have two dominant alleles or one dominant and one recessive unless genetic testing is completed. Typically a dominant allele is written with a capital letter, while a recessive allele is represented with a lowercase letter. It is important to know that just because a trait is dominant doesn't mean it occurs more often in society. Some traits are still rare, whether they are dominant or not. One common example to prove this is dwarfism. A person only needs one allele for dwarfism to display that trait. This means that many people who have dwarfism have a 50% chance of passing it on to their children. If they reproduce with someone who does not have dwarfism, there is only a 50% chance their child will have dwarfism, and even if two people with dwarfism reproduce that does not mean all of their children will have dwarfism. Dominant does not imply common.

The Law of Dominance

The first law of heredity proposed by Gregor Mendel is also known as the Law of Dominance. This states that when crossing two homozygous organisms with different traits, only one trait will appear in the first generation. In more understandable terms, if the parents are homozygous (BB and bb, not Bb) then the children will all be Bb and have the same dominant trait or phenotype displayed. The second generation would require mixing Bb and Bb when it would be discovered that around 75% will continue to display the dominant phenotype, but 25% have the recessive phenotype.

Other Types of Dominance in Genetics

It is important to know that while the law of dominance holds for many crosses, some are more complex and have either co-dominance or incomplete dominance. Co-dominance is when in a cross neither of the alleles is dominant over the other. One example of this is in blood types. Both A and B blood types are dominant over the O blood type, but when mixed, the AB blood type is the result. The traits of both phenotypes, A and B, are displayed. Another example is the roan cow. If one roan cow is red and the other is white, the child will be both red and white. The cow displays both the red fur trait and the white fur trait. This is an example of co-dominance. Incomplete Dominance is when the two alleles blend and create an entirely new phenotype. This can be observed in some flower crosses. When a red snapdragon and a white snapdragon are crossed, the result is a pink snapdragon.

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What is the maximum age for a man to have a baby?

There's no maximum age that stops a man from being able to have a baby. You can become a father long into your older years, but there are risks.

webmd.com - Is It Too Late to Have a Baby for a 60-Year-Old Man? - WebMD

There’s no maximum age that stops a man from being able to have a baby. You can become a father long into your older years , but there are risks.

Risks of Older Men Having a Baby

When you get older, your sperm quality isn’t as great as it used to be. This happens for a few reasons, like:

Your testicles become softer and smaller.

Your sperm becomes disfigured and slow.

The blood supply to your genitals gets lower.

You have lower testosterone levels.

For most men, these problems happen after the age of 50.

Your baby might have higher odds of getting a genetic disorder. As you age, you’re more likely to have gene changes, or mutations, in your sperm. If you have a baby at an older age, you have higher chances of passing on a genetic disorder. The baby’s risk for mental health or brain disorders may be higher. A father’s older age can cause schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or autism spectrum disorder.

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