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What is type D personality traits?

Type D personality, a concept used in the field of medical psychology, is defined as the joint tendency towards negative affectivity (e.g. worry, irritability, gloom) and social inhibition (e.g. reticence and a lack of self-assurance). The letter D stands for "distressed".

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Type D personality, a concept used in the field of medical psychology, is defined as the joint tendency towards negative affectivity (e.g. worry, irritability, gloom) and social inhibition (e.g. reticence and a lack of self-assurance).[1] The letter D stands for "distressed".[2]

Characteristics [ edit ]

Individuals with a Type D personality have the tendency to experience increased negative emotions across time and situations and tend not to share these emotions with others, because of fear of rejection or disapproval. Johan Denollet, professor of Medical Psychology at Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands, developed the construct based on clinical observations in cardiac patients, empirical evidence, and existing theories of personality.[3] The prevalence of Type D personality is 21% in the general population[4] and ranges between 18% to 53% in cardiac patients.[2] Some early studies found that coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with a Type D personality have a worse prognosis following a myocardial infarction (MI) as compared to patients without a Type D personality. In some of these studies, Type D was associated with a 4-fold increased risk of mortality, recurrent MI, or sudden cardiac death, independently of traditional risk factors, such as disease severity.[1][5][6] However, a number of subsequent, larger scale studies have failed to replicate these findings.[7][8][9][10] Consequently, some researchers have argued that these earlier, small (and therefore potentially statistically underpowered) studies that appeared to link Type D personality to mortality in CHD and CVD patients may have inadvertently reached exaggerated or false conclusions.[11]

Assessment [ edit ]

Type D personality can be assessed by means of a valid and reliable 14-item questionnaire, the Type D Scale (DS14).[4] Seven items refer to negative affectivity, and seven items refer to social inhibition. People who score 10 points or more on both dimensions are classified as Type D. The DS14 can be applied in clinical practice for the risk stratification of cardiac patients.[citation needed] Type D has also been addressed with respect to common somatic complaints in childhood.[12]

See also [ edit ]

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What to say before kissing her?

Confidently tell her you'd like to kiss her. "I want to kiss you right now." Unless she says "no," move in slowly after you say it. "I'd love a kiss before I go." "Let's kiss." "Write her a note saying "kiss me?" or "I want to kiss you," if you think she'd like the cute, romantic gesture. Then move in wordlessly.

This article was co-authored by Connell Barrett . Connell Barrett is a Relationship Expert and the Founder and Executive Coach of Dating Transformation, his own relationship consulting business founded in 2017 and based out of New York City. Connell advises clients based on his A.C.E. Dating System: Authenticity, Clarity, and Expressiveness. He is also a dating coach with the dating app The League. His work has been featured in Cosmopolitan, The Oprah Magazine, and Today. This article has been viewed 738,608 times.

Article Summary

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Before asking a girl to kiss you, pick a time when you’re both feeling relaxed and have some privacy. Wait for a quiet moment in the conversation and make eye contact with her. Gently touch her arm, her shoulder, or her face and say her name to get her attention. Once she’s fully focused on you, say something like, “I’d love to kiss you right now. Is that okay?” or “Can we kiss?” If she’s already leaning in close and locking eyes with you, you can also try slowly moving your face toward hers without saying anything. If she says “yes” or moves her lips close to yours, go ahead and give her a kiss. If she says “no” or moves away, respect her answer and apologize in a kind way. Say something like, “I understand, sorry I misread things.” For more tips, like how to gracefully respond to rejection, keep reading.

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