What is an orange utility marker?

Orange: telecommunication, alarm or signal lines, cables or conduit. Yellow: natural gas, oil, steam, petroleum or other flammable. Green: sewers and drain lines.

gopherstateonecall.org - Locator Language: Decoding Utility Markings - Gopher State One Call

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Keeping track of what’s exactly buried underground on a worksite can be a challenge, which is why utility locators follow the uniform color codes mandated by the American Public Works Association (APWA) for temporarily marking their facilities. The American Standards Institute (ANSI) established these colors as the American National Standard for Safety Colors. As a quick refresh, the APWA color code for utility marking is:

Red: electric power lines, cables, conduit and lighting cables

electric power lines, cables, conduit and lighting cables Orange: telecommunication, alarm or signal lines, cables or conduit telecommunication, alarm or signal lines, cables or conduit Yellow: natural gas, oil, steam, petroleum or other flammable natural gas, oil, steam, petroleum or other flammable Green: sewers and drain lines

sewers and drain lines Blue: potable drinking water

potable drinking water Purple: reclaimed water, irrigation and slurry lines

temporary survey markings, unknown/unidentified facilities White: proposed excavation limits or routes

These colors help identify unseen hazards that need to be taking into account during excavation, but the color system only warns construction workers of the type of hazard. Once the uniform color code went into place, other utility marking codes followed to appropriately identify underground conduits, cables, pipes, their facility owners, and descriptions of the facility. This systemized notation system may look like a secret language until you start to decipher it. Luckily, the Common Ground Alliance (CGA) maintains a set of Guidelines for Operator Facility Field Delineation to indicate the infrastructural pathways of buried wires and pipelines. For example, according to the guidelines, spray painted lines for marking a single facility can be done in two ways. The first is to place lines marking the center of the facility, as seen in the image below. The second is to mark the outside edges of the facility with a horizontal line drawn through the center to form an H-shape. Both of these images identify a gas pipeline using the appropriate abbreviation for the gas company name, GASCO. The pipe is marked as 12 inches in width, and the STL abbreviation indicates that the pipeline is constructed from steel. Another common symbol is the diamond shape used to mark a conduit. Here you can see four 4-inch plastic conduits and the telecommunications company owner. If you’d like to learn more about abbreviations, the CGA has specific guidelines for those, too. The company name identifier must always appear at the top or to the left in the abbreviation order, followed by appropriate construction descriptions, and end with the infrastructure material. When there is “no conflict” between buried utilities and the proposed area of excavation, locators will mark “NO” oftentimes followed by the name of the facility, or the abbreviated facility type with a line drawn through it. The image above shows both: “G” for gas with a line slashed through it—indicating no conflict with gas facilities—and an orange “NO” is followed by the telecommunications company and a “D” meaning “no distribution.” Mapping and marking the underground infrastructure is a complex task, and these intricate symbols provide a brief window into these important and intricate systems. Next time you come across some cryptic street scribbles, you’ll know that these annotations are an important element of damage prevention and greater public safety.

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What color disappears last underwater?

The longer the wavelength, the lower the energy. These wavelengths get absorbed first. The order in which colors are absorbed is the order in which they appear in a rainbow: red goes first, with violet going second-to-last and ultraviolet being last to disappear.

scubadiving.com - Video Shows How Scuba Divers See Colors Change Underwater

If you think back to your first dive on a deep reef, you may recall noticing that the bright red sea fans and diverse colors you were used to seeing in photos didn’t exactly match what you saw in real life. This is because, as you descend deeper, water filters out color. Diver Kendall Roberg built a rig with marker caps attached to his GoPro to show how colors change as you go deeper. He dives to 155 feet, showing the spectrum transitioning from a vibrant rainbow to a cooler-toned array. Color loss occurs gradually because water absorbs different wavelengths of light at different degrees. The longer the wavelength, the lower the energy. These wavelengths get absorbed first. The order in which colors are absorbed is the order in which they appear in a rainbow: red goes first, with violet going second-to-last and ultraviolet being last to disappear. You may have noticed that the neon-pink cap (which has ultraviolet light) is vibrant throughout the whole video, even after the red cap has changed completely. The changing colors are especially important to take into account as an underwater photographer: To shoot photos underwater that aren’t washed out, use filters, strobes, photo and video lights, and special settings to compensate for the lack of light.

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