What happens when a bond is broken?

A chemical reaction occurs when chemical bonds are broken and formed and atoms are exchanged to produce chemically different species. Both of these processes are chemical reactions.

chem.libretexts.org - 2.13: The process of making and breaking chemical bonds

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The preceding section has discussed chemical compounds and the two major kinds of bonds— covalent bonds and ionic bonds — that hold them together. Next is discussed the process of making and taking apart chemical compounds, chemical reactions. A chemical reaction occurs when chemical bonds are broken and formed and atoms are exchanged to produce chemically different species. First consider two very simple chemical reactions involving only one element, oxygen. In the very thin air high in the stratosphere more than 10 kilometers above Earth’s surface (above the altitudes where jet airliners normally cruise), high-energy ultraviolet radiation from the sun, represented by the symbol \(h

u\), splits apart molecules of elemental oxygen, O 2 ,

\[O_{2} + h

u \rightarrow 2O\]

to produce oxygen atoms. As with most single atoms, the O atoms are reactive and combine with oxygen molecules to produce ozone, O 3 :

\[O + O_{2} \rightarrow O_{3}\]

Both of these processes are chemical reactions. In a chemical reaction, the substances on the left of the arrow (read as “yields”) are the reactants and those on the right of the arrow are products. The first of these reactions states that the chemical bond holding together a molecule of O 2 reactant is split apart by the high energy of the ultraviolet radiation to produce two oxygen atom products. In the second reaction, an oxygen atom reactant, O, and an oxygen molecule reactant, O 2 , form a chemical bond to yield an ozone product, O3. Are these very simple chemical reactions important to us? Emphatically yes. They produce a shield of ozone molecules in the stratosphere which in turn absorb ultraviolet radiation that otherwise would reach Earth’s surface, destroying life, causing skin cancer and other maladies that would make our existence on Earth impossible. As discussed in Chapter 10, the use of chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants (Freons) has seriously threatened the stratospheric ozone layer. It is a triumph of environmental chemistry that this threat was realized in time to do something about it and an accomplishment of green chemistry to develop relatively safe substitutes for ozone-threatening chemicals. Many chemical reactions are discussed in this book. At this point a very common chemical reaction can be considered, that of elemental hydrogen with elemental oxygen to produce water. A first approach to writing this reaction is

\[H_{2} + O_{2} \rightarrow H_{2}O\]

stating that elemental hydrogen and elemental oxygen react together to produce water. This is not yet a proper chemical equation because it is not balanced. A balanced chemical equation has the same number of each kind of atom on both sides of the equation. As shown above, there are 2 H atoms in the single H 2 molecule on the left and 2 H atoms in the single molecule H 2 O product. That balances hydrogen, but leaves 2 O atoms in the O 2 molecule on the left with only 1 O atom in the single H 2 O molecule product. But, writing the reaction a

\[2H_{2} + O_{2} \rightarrow 2H_{2}O\]

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Which two bonds are the high energy bonds?

The bond between the beta and gamma phosphate is also considered to be a 'high-energy' bond. This is because when the bond breaks, the ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and water molecules produce ADP and one inorganic phosphate (Pi).

vedantu.com - Which bonds of ATP have high energy bonds?A) C-CB) C-OC) C-ND) P-P

Hint: ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell. It is a nucleotide formed by the combination of adenine as the nitrogenous base, ribose sugar and the triphosphates. It is found in free cells that break its high energy phosphate bond in order to form energy. Complete answer: The high energy phosphate bonds break to form ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and AMP (Adenosine monophosphate). It is a hydrolysis reaction that occurs at extreme pH. Hydrolysis of ATP usually occurs to provide energy for many metabolic reactions. ATP has three phosphates groups, out of which one is directly attached to the ribose, forming the phosphate ester bond and it has low energy level. The bond that is formed between the two phosphate groups is a phosphoanhydride bond. It is considered to be a high energy bond. The bond between the beta and gamma phosphate is also considered to be a ‘high-energy’ bond. This is because when the bond breaks, the ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and water molecules produce ADP and one inorganic phosphate (Pi). This reaction is called hydrolysis (hydro=water and lysis=separation) because it consumes a water molecule.

Thus, option D is the correct answer.

Note: ATP has only two high energy phosphoanhydride bonds. The two bonds between the phosphates i.e. the phosphoanhydride bonds have equal high energy. The energy released by the breaking of bonds is used by the cell for cellular activities. So, the more the number of bonds, the more potential energy the cell will contain.

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