What colors can dogs not see?

So What's the Truth About Dog Color Blindness? Having yellow-blue dichromatic vision means that dogs are most similar to a red-green color blind person. They are very good at distinguishing between variations of blues and yellows (and whites and grays), but cannot really see red and green all that well.

petmd.com - Are Dogs Color Blind? - PetMD

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Have you ever wondered what the world looks like through your dog’s eyes, or thought about whether dogs can see all colors of the rainbow? Have you ever pondered the question, “Are dogs color blind?” You are not alone. Dog color blindness and dog color vision have been extensively researched, and while we do not know everything, we can give you some answers to these questions.

Dog Color Blindness: Fact or Fiction?

First, you’ll need to understand how the eye works. The eye is made up of specialized cells and receptors called rods and cones. Rods are responsible for detecting motion and aiding vision in varying shades of light, while cones help to differentiate color. People have three types of cones, while dogs have two. This means that people can normally identify three color combinations (red, blue, and green), while dogs are limited to two (yellow and blue). Dog color vision is therefore described as dichromatic, or “two-colored.”

What Is Color Blindness?

Color blindness describes an inability to differentiate between colors or to see certain colors at all. This condition stems from an abnormality in the color-sensing receptors in the eye. In people, there are two types of color blindness: red-green color blindness and blue-yellow color blindness. The type a person has depends on which color-sensing receptors are affected. For example, a person with red-green color blindness cannot differentiate between those two colors.

So What’s the Truth About Dog Color Blindness?

Having yellow-blue dichromatic vision means that dogs are most similar to a red-green color blind person. They are very good at distinguishing between variations of blues and yellows (and whites and grays), but cannot really see red and green all that well.

How do we know this?

Some types of studies have investigated the structure and function of dog eyes to identify the types of cones that are present and observe how they react to different wavelengths of light. Scientists have also used behavioral studies to test color vision in dogs. Some involve training dogs to respond to color cues for food rewards while others monitor how a dog’s eyes, head, and body orient to movements of colored objects.

Which Colors Can Dogs See?

Dogs and humans see and experience color differently. Being dichromatic means that a dog’s perception of color will be limited when compared to humans. Research leads us to believe that dogs see the world through a unique color spectrum. Yellow and blue are dominant colors in dog color vision. Blue, blue-green, and violet look like varying shades of blue. Shades of red and green probably look more like browns and grayscale to a dog. In comparison to people, dogs also don’t see quite as clearly and can’t differentiate as well between differences in brightness, which probably makes the world appear a bit muted and fuzzy to them. But canine vision is superior to ours in other ways. They are much better at detecting motion and can also see more clearly in dim light—when shades of gray predominate and having good color vision doesn’t offer much of a benefit.

Examples:

References:

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.170869

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What is orange fungus?

Aleuria aurantia (orange peel fungus) is a widespread ascomycete fungus in the order Pezizales. The brilliant orange, cup-shaped ascocarps often resemble orange peels strewn on the ground, giving this species its common name. Orange peel fungus. Scientific classification.

en.wikipedia.org - Aleuria aurantia - Wikipedia

Species of fungus

Taxonomy [ edit ]

Christiaan Hendrik Persoon described the orange peel as Peziza aurantia in 1800. The specific epithet is the Latin word aurantia "orange". Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold Fuckel placed it the genus Aleuria in 1870.

Description [ edit ]

The orange fruiting body is 2–10 cm wide, cup-shaped, often misshapen due to crowding from other fruiting bodies.[2] The spores are colorless[2] and scatter in visible clouds when disturbed.[1] It is generally regarded as edible,[3] though difficult to collect intact[1] and not necessarily choice, with no particularly notable North American lookalikes. In Europe, the orange peel may be confused with species of Otidea or Caloscypha which are poisonous or of unknown edibility. Similar species include Caloscypha fulgens, Sarcoscypha coccinea, Sowerbyella rhenana, and members of Otidea and Peziza.[2]

Distribution and habitat [ edit ]

The orange peel fungus grows on bare clay or disturbed soil throughout North America and Europe. It has also been found in the south of Chile. Aleuria aurantia fruits mainly in late summer and autumn.