Photo: Josh Willink

How many bond are in the human body?

There are a total of 206 bones in the adult human body.

kenhub.com - How many bones can you find in the human body? - Kenhub

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Upper limb

Scapular region

The scapula is a triangular shaped bone that sits on the surface of the posterior thoracic wall. It forms the scapulothoracic joint via its anterior surface. This is a purely physiological joint, as there is no bony connection between the scapula and thoracic wall itself. Does remembering all 206 bones feel like an impossible feat? Test your knowledge of the bones of the body with our bone quizzes and labeled diagrams- or use them to learn the topic from scratch! The glenoid fossa projects from the superolateral surface of the scapula, and articulates with the head of the humerus. The glenoid fossa is deepened by the glenoid labrum (a ring of cartilage), which also provides a suction effect for the joint. The glenohumeral joint is a highly mobile joint, but is unstable as a result. Although the glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket joint, the glenoid fossa (the socket) is shallow like a dish. The head of the humerus is also semi-spherical, and has little bony support. This is counteracted by the rotator cuff muscles forming a strong muscular cuff formed of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis). The rotator cuff muscles surround the head of the humerus and holds it in place in the glenoid fossa. There is also significant ligamentous support in the form of glenohumeral ligaments. The tendon of the long head of biceps (which runs in the intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove and inserts onto the supraglenoid tubercle) also provides inferior support during external rotation of the shoulder.

[Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint]

The scapula has a supraspinous fossa and an infraspinous fossa, which are the points of origin of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. The scapular spine divides the two. The suprascapular notch is a small notch found on the superior margin of the supraspinous fossa. The suprascapular nerve runs in the space, and the suprascapular artery runs above it.

Clavicle

The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum medially via its rounded medial surface. Laterally, its flat surface articulates with the acromion of the scapula. The bone is s shaped and lies superficially under the skin. The sternoclavicular joint is a saddle synovial joint, and the acromioclavicular joint is a gliding synovial joint.

Clavicle Clavicula 1/4 Synonyms: Clavicular bone, Os claviculare

Humerus

The humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa at the glenohumeral joint i.e. the shoulder joint. It has an anatomical neck (directly below the head of the humerus) and a surgical head (the initial section of the superior shaft, below the tubercles). The shaft is the long part of the bone, and it has two articulating surfaces at its distal end, the trochlea and capitulum, which articulate with the ulna and radius, respectively. The humerus also has a spiral groove in which the radial nerve runs. Due to this anatomy, humeral fractures may result in radial nerve palsy causing wrist drop.

Body of humerus Corpus humeri 1/5 Synonyms: Shaft of humerus

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Forearm

This region is formed by the radius and ulna. The head of the radius lies proximally, and sits within the annular ligament, which attaches onto the ulna above the flat quadrate ligament. The head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. The base of the radius is large and forms the radioscapholunate component of the wrist joint. The ulna has a large proximal end, which has the trochlear notch, in which the trochlea of the humerus articulates. The posterior part of the ulna has a large olecranon process also known as the elbow. The ‘funny bone’ is a common saying that actually does not include a bone at all. It’s the ulnar nerve that runs behind the medial epicondyle which projects from the medial surface of the humerus. If you knock this region of the elbow, it sends a tingling sensation down the forearm, hence the name. The radius and ulna are connected along their length by a strong interosseous membrane, which is perforated by vessels. They have radial and ulnar styloid processes on the lateral surface of their distal sections (when looking at the bones individually).

[Radius and ulna]

Wrist

The carpal bones form the bony basis of the wrist region. They are best learnt by dividing them into rows. The proximal row consists of the lunate which articulates with the medial section of the distal radial articulating surface. The triquetrum articulates with the triangular fibrocartilaginous complex and indirectly with the distal articulating surface of the ulna. The pisiform is a pea-like sesamoid bone (a bone that lies in a tendon) that sits on top of the triquetrum and lies within the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris. The scaphoid articulates with the distal radius and is cashew shaped. It links the proximal and distal rows of carpals. The distal row consists of the trapezium, which articulates with the first metacarpal (remember trapezium with the thumb). Next to the trapezium, is the trapezoid, a smaller carpal bone that articulates with the second metacarpal. The capitate lies radially, and articulates with the third metacarpal (think of capitate as in capital city found in the centre of a country). The hamate has a prominent hook you can locate on its anterior surface, and forms joints with the fourth and fifth metacarpals. The wrist joint itself is formed between the distal articulating surface of the radius, and the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones. The distal articulating surface of the ulna also articulates with the triquetrum via the triangular fibrocartilaginous complex.

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[Bones of the wrist and hand]

Hand

The hand is formed by the metacarpals and phalanges. It is a complex structure with numerous small interconnecting bones. The metacarpals connect the carpals to the phalanges. The first metacarpal articulates with the trapezium carpal. The second metacarpal articulates with the trapezoid carpal bone. The middle metacarpal articulates with the capitate carpal bone. The fourth and fifth metacarpals articulate with the hamate bone. The phalanges are divided into proximal, middle, and distal, which get progressively smaller the more distal you look. The thumb only has proximal and distal phalanxes, and forms a bi-concave convex saddle joint with the trapezium via its metacarpal. It is the combination of this joint and our elongated thumbs that allow us to oppose the thumb and therefore perform complex tasks with our hands. Now is a good time to revise all those upper limb bones you've just learned with a quiz!

Surface anatomy

The clavicle has a subcutaneous course and is easily palpable along its course. The manubrium and sternum lie in the midline of the chest, and are also easy to palpate. The radial and ulnar styloid processes can be found close to the wrist joint (distal in lateral and medial anatomical position). The posterior surface of the radius is where we find the dorsal tubercle of Lister. The extensor pollicis longus wraps around this landmark. The olecranon arises from the posterior surface of the ulna and is the insertion point of the triceps brachii.

Find out more about the bones of the upper limb below:

kenhub.com - How many bones can you find in the human body? - Kenhub

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