Infatuation Rules
Infatuation Rules
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The mean abdominal circumference was 87.1 ± 7.8 cm in males and 88.5 ± 9.0 cm in females. Waist to hip ratio, percent body fat, and fat mass were significantly higher in females than in males.
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Read More »We investigated the association between waist circumference as an indicator of abdominal obesity and BMD in a large-scale population-based study of Korean males and females aged ≥50 years. Our results indicated that after adjusting for age, weight, height, regular exercise and percent body fat, waist circumference was negatively associated with lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD in older Koreans, particularly males. The results of previous investigations of the association between surrogate or direct measures of central adiposity and BMD have been inconsistent. Three previous population-based studies that adjusted for the weight-bearing effect of body weight found that the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was negatively associated with BMD in the lumbar spine and calcaneus and with bone mineral content (BMC)[18–20], however, another study found a highly significant positive correlation between BMD in the proximal and ultradistal radius and WHR in obese individuals[30]. Moreover, several previous studies investigating the association between direct measures of central adiposity and BMD reported conflicting results. Two studies found that BMD was inversely associated with body-weight-adjusted abdominal fat mass and lean body mass-adjusted abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT)[31, 32], however, other studies reported positive relationship between abdominal fat distribution,percent truncal fat and bone mass and BMD[33, 34]. Some studies assessed the association between waist circumference as a metabolic syndrome components and BMD, but the results are also inconclusive. Three studies found a positive correlation between waist circumference and BMD[23–25], whereas others reported a negative correlation[22, 27, 28]. Moreover, general population-based studies have found a significant negative correlation between BMD and waist circumference in premenopausal females[35] and in males and females[36]. Several factors may account for these inconsistent results, such as differences in the populations under investigation (age, sex, and ethnicity), in the methods used to measure BMD and central adiposity, in sample size, or in the number and type of covariates controlled for across studies. The inclusion of body weight or BMI as a covariate may itself affect the association between central obesity and BMD. We assessed the relationship between waist circumference and BMD before and after adjusting for age, weight, height, percent body fat, and regular exercise, and found that the correlation changed from positive to negative after adjusting for these covariates. Several previous studies reported a positive correlation between fat mass and hip and spine BMD[21, 37] or total-body BMC[38] before adjusting for body weight; however, the association was negative after adjusting for body weight. Similarly, two studies in Korean males and postmenopausal females found a negative association between WHR and BMD in the calcaneus[19] or lumbar spine[18] after adjusting for BMI or body weight, whereas a study that did not adjust for body weight found a positive correlation between truncal fat mass and total hip and the femoral neck BMD in healthy premenopausal females[39]. Aghaei Meybodi et al.[40] did not adjust for weight and identified a positive relationship between all anthropometric measures and BMD in both sexes. A greater body weight is thought to increase skeletal loading, which activates an adaptive response leading to an increase in bone density. Fat mass is a major component of body weight. When the mechanical loading effect of body weight is statistically removed, fat mass is negatively associated with bone. After controlling for age, body weight, height, and regular exercises, we identified a negative correlation between waist circumference and BMD in the femoral neck and lumbar spine in middle-aged and older males and females. Further adjustment for percent body fat slightly attenuated the correlations; however, they remained significant. Our findings suggest that weight-adjusted abdominal fat mass may have non-mechanical loading effects on bone mass and, thus, abdominal obesity may not always protect against osteoporosis. The negative effect of weight–adjusted abdominal fat mass on bone might be driven by higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may up-regulate receptor activators of nuclear factor-kB ligand, leading to increased bone resorption and decreased BMD[41, 42].
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Read More »Our results revealed a significant sex-related difference in waist circumference and BMD, such that the negative correlation between waist circumference and lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD was greater in males than in females. The reasons for this are not entirely clear, although hormonal differences may be an important factor underlying this effect. However, sex-related differences in the relationship between body fat and BMD are controversial. Katzmarzyk et al.[32] found no sex-related difference between BMD and VAT and abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue in African–American and white males and females, whereas another study found a positive relationship between fat mass femoral neck BMD in white and black females, but no significant relationship in males[43]. In contrast, Kim et al.[28] found a negative association between waist circumference and femoral neck BMD in males and females, particularly in males, which is consistent with our findings. Our study had several strengths. To our knowledge, it is the largest investigation of the association between waist circumference and BMD in community-dwelling individuals (n = 8982). Furthermore, we controlled for multiple covariates and the study population included both males and females. Our study also had several limitations. First, we did not examine various inflammatory markers and diet information. Second, we did not examine the abdominal adiposity distribution, we could not determine the individual associations of VAT and SAT with BMD. Third, the cross-sectional design of our study did not allow us to establish causal relationships. Further investigation should examine the biological link between inflammation and waist circumference in the progression of osteoporosis.
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14]. Mandibular growth was found to be statistically significant for the age periods of 16 to 18 years and 18 to 20 years. Growth from 16 to 18...
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